Cicero
Marcus Tullius Cicero ).}} ( ; ; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) was a Roman statesman, lawyer, scholar, philosopher, writer and Academic skeptic, who tried to uphold optimate principles during the political crises that led to the establishment of the Roman Empire. His extensive writings include treatises on rhetoric, philosophy and politics. He is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists and the innovator of what became known as "Ciceronian rhetoric". Cicero was educated in Rome and in Greece. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and served as consul in 63 BC.He greatly influenced both ancient and modern reception of the Latin language. A substantial percentage of his work has survived, and he was admired by both ancient and modern authors alike. Cicero adapted the arguments of the chief schools of Hellenistic philosophy in Latin and created a large amount of Latin philosophical vocabulary via lexical innovation (e.g. neologisms such as , ''generator'', , ''infinitio'', , ), almost 150 of which were the result of translating Greek philosophical terms.
Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the Catiline conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero (by his own account) suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators without trial, an act which would later lead to his exile. During the chaotic middle period of the first century BC, marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, Cicero was a supporter of the Optimates faction. Following Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC, having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head (taken by order of Antony and displayed representing the reprecussions of his anti-Antonian actions as a writer and as an orator, respectively) were then displayed on the Rostra.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment, and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu, and Edmund Burke was substantial. His works rank among the most influential in global culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic. Provided by Wikipedia
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1by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2016
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2by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2014
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3by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 2014
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5by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2016
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6by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2013
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7by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2015
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8by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2015
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9by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2016
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10by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2017
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11by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 2014
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12by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2014
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13by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2017
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14by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2018
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15by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 1977
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16by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 2006
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17by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus TulliusOther Authors: “...Cicero, Marcus Tullius...”
Published 2012
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18by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 2014
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20by Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius, Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Published 2015
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